Model

1. Use Model::query() instead of direct static calls:

   // GOOD
   Member::query()->firstWhere('id', 42);
   
   // BAD
   Member::firstWhere('id', 42);

2. Avoid mass assignment when possible:

   // PREFERRED
   $member = new Member();
   $member->name = $request->input('name');
   $member->email = $request->input('email');
   
   // AVOID
   $member->forceFill([
       'name' => $request->input('name'),
       'email' => $request->input('email'),
   ]);
   
   // NEVER DO
   $member->forceFill($request->all());

3. Don't use where{Attribute} magic methods. Use the where method to reduce magic.

4. Document all magic using PHPDoc:

   /**
    * @property-read \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection<int, \App\Modules\Permission\Models\Role> $roles
    * @method static \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder|\App\Modules\Member\Models\Member canceled()
    */

5. Use safe defaults for attributes:

   final class CourseEnrollment extends Model
   {
       /** @var array<string, scalar|bool|null> Default values for Eloquent attributes */
       protected $attributes = [
           'graded_score' => 0,
           'potential_points' => 0,
           'completed_time_in_seconds' => 0,
       ];
   }

6. Use custom EloquentBuilder classes for models with 3+ query scopes:

   class User extends Model
   {
       #[\Override]
       public function newEloquentBuilder($query): UserEloquentBuilder
       {
           return new UserEloquentBuilder($query);
       }
   }
   
   /** @extends \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder<\App\Models\User> */
   final class UserEloquentBuilder extends Builder
   {
       public function confirmed(): self
       {
           return $this->whereNotNull('confirmed_at');
       }
   }

7. Use invokable classes for reusable scopes:

   $unverifiedUsers = User::query()
       ->tap(new UnverifiedScore())
       ->get();
   
   final class UnverifiedScore
   {
       public function __invoke(Builder $builder): void
       {
           $builder->whereNull('email_verified_at');
       }
   }